2 Backward-facing step

In this section we will perform a transient growth analysis of the flow over a backward-facing step. This is an important case which allows us to understand the effects of separation due to abrupt changes of geometry in an open flow. The transient growth analysis consists of computing the maximum energy growth, G(τ), attainable over all possible initial conditions u′(0) for a specified time horizon τ. It can be demonstrated that it is equivalent to calculating the largest eigenvalue of ^∗(τ)(τ), with and ^∗ being the direct and the adjoint operators, respectively. Also note that the eigenvalue must necessarily be real since ^∗(τ)(τ) is self-adjoint in this case.

The files for this section can be found in the $NEKTUTORIAL/BackwardStep directory.

• Folder Geometry
  • bfs.geo - Gmsh file that contains the geometry of the problem
  • bfs.msh - Gmsh generated mesh data listing mesh vertices and elements.
• Folder Base
  • bfs-Base.xml - Nektar++ session file, generated with the $NEK/MeshConvert utility, for computing the base flow.
  • bfs-Base.fld - Nektar++ field file that contains the base flow, generated using
    bfs-Base.xml.
• Folder Stability
  • bfs_tg.xml - Nektar++ session file, generated with $NEK/MeshConvert, for performing the transient growth analysis.
  • bfs_tg.bse - Nektar++ field file that contains the base flow. It is the same as the .fld file present in the folder Base.

Figure 4 shows the mesh, along with a detailed view of the step edge, that we will use for the computation. The geometry is non-dimensionalised by the step height. The domain has an inflow length of 10 upstream of the step edge and a downstream channel of length 50. The mesh consist of N = 430 elements. Note that in this case the mesh is composed of both triangular and quadrilateral elements. A refined triangular unstructured mesh is used near the step to capture the separation effects, whereas the inflow/outflow channels have a structure similar to the previous example. Therefore in the EXPANSION section of the bfs-Base.xml file, two composites (C[0] and C[1]) are present. For this example, we will use the modal basis with 7th-order polynomials.

We will perform simulations at Re = 500, since it is well-known that for this value the flow presents a strong convective instability.