DisContField1D.cpp

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//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// File DisContField1D.cpp
//
// For more information, please see: http://www.nektar.info
//
// The MIT License
//
// Copyright (c) 2006 Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University (USA),
// Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London (UK), and Scientific
// Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah (USA).
//
// License for the specific language governing rights and limitations under
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
// to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
// the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
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// Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
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//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
// THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
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// DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//
// Description: Field definition for 1D domain with boundary
// conditions using LDG-H
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#include <MultiRegions/DisContField1D.h>
#include <StdRegions/StdSegExp.h>
#include <LibUtilities/Foundations/ManagerAccess.h>
#include <SpatialDomains/MeshGraph1D.h>

using namespace std;

namespace Nektar
{
    namespace MultiRegions
    {
        /**
         * @class DisContField1D
         * This class augments the list of local expansions inherited from
         * ExpList1D with boundary conditions. Inter-element boundaries are
         * handled using an discontinuous Galerkin scheme.
         */

        /**
         * Constructs an empty expansion list with no boundary conditions.
         */
        DisContField1D::DisContField1D():
            ExpList1D(),
            m_bndCondExpansions(),
            m_bndConditions()
        {
        }


        /**
         * An expansion list for the boundary expansions is generated first for
         * the field. These are subsequently evaluated for time zero. The trace
         * map is then constructed.
         * @param   graph1D     A mesh, containing information about the domain
         *                      and the spectral/hp element expansions.
         * @param   bcs         Information about the enforced boundary
         *                      conditions.
         * @param   variable    The session variable associated with the
         *                      boundary conditions to enforce.
         * @param   solnType    Type of global system to use.
         */
        DisContField1D::DisContField1D(
            const LibUtilities::SessionReaderSharedPtr &pSession,
            const SpatialDomains::MeshGraphSharedPtr &graph1D,
            const std::string &variable,
            const bool         SetUpJustDG)
            : ExpList1D(pSession,graph1D),
              m_bndCondExpansions(),
              m_bndConditions()
        {
            if (variable.compare("DefaultVar") != 0)
            {
                SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditions bcs(m_session, graph1D);

                GenerateBoundaryConditionExpansion(graph1D,bcs,variable);
                EvaluateBoundaryConditions(0.0, variable);
                ApplyGeomInfo();
                FindPeriodicVertices(bcs,variable);
            }

            if(SetUpJustDG)
            {
                SetUpDG(variable);
            }
            else
            {
                int i;
                Array<OneD, int> ElmtID, VertexID;
                GetBoundaryToElmtMap(ElmtID, VertexID);

                for(i = 0; i < m_bndCondExpansions.num_elements(); ++i)
                {
                    MultiRegions::ExpListSharedPtr locExpList;
                    locExpList = m_bndCondExpansions[i];

                    LocalRegions::Expansion1DSharedPtr exp1d =
                            (*m_exp)[ElmtID[i]]->
                                    as<LocalRegions::Expansion1D>();
                    LocalRegions::Expansion0DSharedPtr exp0d =
                            locExpList->GetExp(0)->
                                    as<LocalRegions::Expansion0D>();

                    exp0d->SetAdjacentElementExp(VertexID[i], exp1d);
                }
                
                SetUpPhysNormals();
            }

        }

        void  DisContField1D::SetUpDG(const std::string &variable)
        {
            // Check for multiple calls
            if (m_trace != NullExpListSharedPtr)
            {
                return;
            }
            
            SpatialDomains::MeshGraph1DSharedPtr graph1D = 
                boost::dynamic_pointer_cast<SpatialDomains::MeshGraph1D>(
                    m_graph);

            m_globalBndMat = MemoryManager<GlobalLinSysMap>::AllocateSharedPtr();

            ExpList0DSharedPtr trace = MemoryManager<ExpList0D>::
                AllocateSharedPtr(
                    m_bndCondExpansions,
                    m_bndConditions,
                    *m_exp,graph1D,
                    m_periodicVerts);

            m_trace = boost::dynamic_pointer_cast<ExpList>(trace);

            m_traceMap = MemoryManager<AssemblyMapDG>::
                AllocateSharedPtr(m_session, graph1D, trace, *this,
                                  m_bndCondExpansions, m_bndConditions, 
                                  m_periodicVerts, variable);

            if (m_session->DefinesCmdLineArgument("verbose"))
            {
                m_traceMap->PrintStats(std::cout, variable);
            }

            // Scatter trace points to 1D elements. For each element, we find
            // the trace point associated to each vertex. The element then
            // retains a pointer to the trace space points, to ensure
            // uniqueness of normals when retrieving from two adjoining
            // elements which do not lie in a plane.
            
            int ElmtPointGeom  = 0;
            int TracePointGeom = 0;
            LocalRegions::Expansion0DSharedPtr exp0d;
            LocalRegions::Expansion1DSharedPtr exp1d;
            for (int i = 0; i < m_exp->size(); ++i)
            {
                exp1d = (*m_exp)[i]->as<LocalRegions::Expansion1D>();
                for (int j = 0; j < exp1d->GetNverts(); ++j)
                {
                    ElmtPointGeom  = (exp1d->GetGeom1D())->GetVid(j);
                    
                    for (int k = 0; k < m_trace->GetExpSize(); ++k)
                    {
                        TracePointGeom = m_trace->GetExp(k)->GetGeom()->GetVid(0);
                        
                        if (TracePointGeom == ElmtPointGeom)
                        {
                            exp0d = m_trace->GetExp(k)->as<LocalRegions::Expansion0D>();
                            exp0d->SetAdjacentElementExp(j,exp1d);
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            
            SetUpPhysNormals();

            int cnt, n, e;

            // Identify boundary verts
            for(cnt = 0, n = 0; n < m_bndCondExpansions.num_elements(); ++n)
            {
                if (m_bndConditions[n]->GetBoundaryConditionType() != 
                    SpatialDomains::ePeriodic)
                {
                    for(e = 0; e < m_bndCondExpansions[n]->GetExpSize(); ++e)
                    {
                        m_boundaryVerts.insert(
                            m_traceMap->GetBndCondTraceToGlobalTraceMap(cnt+e));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    ASSERTL0(false,"Periodic verts need setting up");
                }
                cnt += m_bndCondExpansions[n]->GetExpSize();
            }

            // Set up left-adjacent edge list.
            m_leftAdjacentVerts.resize(2*((*m_exp).size()));
            
            // count size of trace
            for (cnt = n = 0; n < m_exp->size(); ++n)
            {
                for (int v = 0; v < (*m_exp)[n]->GetNverts(); ++v, ++cnt)
                {
                    m_leftAdjacentVerts[cnt] = IsLeftAdjacentVertex(n, v);
                }
            }


            boost::unordered_map<int,pair<int,int> > perVertToExpMap;
            boost::unordered_map<int,pair<int,int> >::iterator it2;
            for (n = 0; n < m_exp->size(); ++n)
            {
                for (int v = 0; v < (*m_exp)[n]->GetNverts(); ++v)
                {
                    PeriodicMap::iterator it = m_periodicVerts.find(
                                         (*m_exp)[n]->GetGeom()->GetVid(v));

                    if (it != m_periodicVerts.end())
                    {
                        perVertToExpMap[it->first] = make_pair(n,v);
                    }
                }
            }


            // Set up mapping to copy Fwd of periodic bcs to Bwd of other edge.
            for (n = 0; n < m_exp->size(); ++n)
            {
                for (int v = 0; v < (*m_exp)[n]->GetNverts(); ++v)
                {
                    int vertGeomId = (*m_exp)[n]->GetGeom()->GetVid(v);

                    // Check to see if this face is periodic.
                    PeriodicMap::iterator it = m_periodicVerts.find(vertGeomId);

                    if (it != m_periodicVerts.end())
                    {
                        const PeriodicEntity &ent = it->second[0];
                        it2 = perVertToExpMap.find(ent.id);

                        if (it2 == perVertToExpMap.end())
                        {
                            if (m_session->GetComm()->GetRowComm()->GetSize() > 1 &&
                                !ent.isLocal)
                            {
                                continue;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                ASSERTL1(false, "Periodic vert not found!");
                            }
                        }

                        int offset  = m_trace->GetPhys_Offset((m_traceMap->GetElmtToTrace())
                                                              [n][v]->GetElmtId());
                        m_periodicFwdCopy.push_back(offset);

                        int offset2 = m_trace->GetPhys_Offset((m_traceMap->GetElmtToTrace())
                                                              [it2->second.first]
                                                              [it2->second.second]->GetElmtId());
                        m_periodicBwdCopy.push_back(offset2);
                    }
                }
            }
        }


        bool DisContField1D::IsLeftAdjacentVertex(const int n, const int e)
        {
            set<int>::iterator it;
            LocalRegions::Expansion0DSharedPtr traceEl = 
                m_traceMap->GetElmtToTrace()[n][e]->as<LocalRegions::Expansion0D>();

            
            bool fwd = true;
            if (traceEl->GetLeftAdjacentElementVertex () == -1 ||
                traceEl->GetRightAdjacentElementVertex() == -1)
            {
                // Boundary edge (1 connected element). Do nothing in
                // serial.
                it = m_boundaryVerts.find(traceEl->GetElmtId());
                
                // If the edge does not have a boundary condition set on
                // it, then assume it is a partition edge or periodic.
                if (it == m_boundaryVerts.end())
                {
                    int traceGeomId = traceEl->GetGeom0D()->GetGlobalID();
                    PeriodicMap::iterator pIt = m_periodicVerts.find(
                        traceGeomId);

                    if (pIt != m_periodicVerts.end() && !pIt->second[0].isLocal)
                    {
                        fwd = traceGeomId == min(traceGeomId,pIt->second[0].id);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        int offset = m_trace->GetPhys_Offset(traceEl->GetElmtId());
                        fwd = m_traceMap->
                            GetTraceToUniversalMapUnique(offset) >= 0;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (traceEl->GetLeftAdjacentElementVertex () != -1 &&
                     traceEl->GetRightAdjacentElementVertex() != -1)
            {
                // Non-boundary edge (2 connected elements).
                fwd = dynamic_cast<Nektar::StdRegions::StdExpansion*>
                    (traceEl->GetLeftAdjacentElementExp().get()) ==
                    (*m_exp)[n].get();
            }
            else
            {
                ASSERTL2(false, "Unconnected trace element!");
            }
            
            return fwd;
        }
        
        
        // Given all boundary regions for the whole solution determine
        // which ones (if any) are part of domain and ensure all other
        // conditions are given as UserDefined Dirichlet. 
        SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionsSharedPtr DisContField1D::GetDomainBCs(
            const SpatialDomains::CompositeMap &domain,
            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditions &Allbcs,
            const std::string &variable)
        {            
            SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionsSharedPtr returnval;
            
            returnval = MemoryManager<SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditions>::AllocateSharedPtr();
            
            SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegion::iterator bregionIt;
            map<int,int> GeometryToRegionsMap;

            SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionCollection::const_iterator it;

            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionCollection &bregions
                = Allbcs.GetBoundaryRegions();
            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionCollection &bconditions
                = Allbcs.GetBoundaryConditions();

            // Set up a map of all boundary regions
            for(it = bregions.begin(); it != bregions.end(); ++it)
            {
                SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegion::iterator bregionIt;
                for (bregionIt  = it->second->begin();
                     bregionIt != it->second->end(); bregionIt++)
                {
                    // can assume that all regions only contain one point in 1D
                    // Really do not need loop above
                    int id = (*(bregionIt->second))[0]->GetGlobalID();
                    GeometryToRegionsMap[id] = it->first;
                }
            }

            SpatialDomains::CompositeMapConstIter domIt; 
            map<int,SpatialDomains::GeometrySharedPtr> EndOfDomain;

            // Now find out which points in domain have only one vertex
            for(domIt = domain.begin(); domIt != domain.end(); ++domIt)
            {
                SpatialDomains::Composite geomvector = domIt->second; 
                for(int i = 0; i < geomvector->size(); ++i)
                {
                    for(int j = 0; j < 2; ++j)
                    {
                        int vid = (*geomvector)[i]->GetVid(j); 
                        if(EndOfDomain.count(vid) == 0)
                        {
                            EndOfDomain[vid] = (*geomvector)[i]->GetVertex(j);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            EndOfDomain.erase(vid);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            ASSERTL1(EndOfDomain.size() == 2,"Did not find two ends of domain");
             
            map<int,SpatialDomains::GeometrySharedPtr>::iterator regIt;
        int numNewBc = 1;
            for(regIt = EndOfDomain.begin(); regIt != EndOfDomain.end(); ++regIt)
            {
                if(GeometryToRegionsMap.count(regIt->first) != 0) // Set up boundary condition up
                {
                    map<int,int>::iterator iter = GeometryToRegionsMap.find(regIt->first);
                    ASSERTL1(iter != GeometryToRegionsMap.end(),"Failied to find GeometryToRegionMap");
                    int regionId = iter->second;
                    SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionCollection::const_iterator bregionsIter = bregions.find(regionId);
                    ASSERTL1(bregionsIter != bregions.end(),"Failed to find boundary region");
                    SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionShPtr breg = bregionsIter->second;
                    returnval->AddBoundaryRegions   (regionId,breg);

                    SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionCollection::const_iterator bconditionsIter = bconditions.find(regionId);
                    ASSERTL1(bconditionsIter != bconditions.end(),"Failed to find boundary collection");
                    SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionMapShPtr bcond = bconditionsIter->second;
                    returnval->AddBoundaryConditions(regionId,bcond);
                }
                else // Set up an undefined region. 
                {
                    SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionShPtr breg(MemoryManager<SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegion>::AllocateSharedPtr());
                    
                    // Set up Composite (GemetryVector) to contain vertex and put into bRegion 
                    SpatialDomains::Composite gvec(MemoryManager<SpatialDomains::GeometryVector>::AllocateSharedPtr());
                    gvec->push_back(regIt->second);
                    (*breg)[regIt->first] = gvec;

                    returnval->AddBoundaryRegions(bregions.size()+numNewBc,breg);

                    SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionMapShPtr bCondition = MemoryManager<SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionMap>::AllocateSharedPtr();

                    // Set up just boundary condition for this variable. 
                    SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionShPtr notDefinedCondition(MemoryManager<SpatialDomains::NotDefinedBoundaryCondition>::AllocateSharedPtr(m_session, "0"));
                    (*bCondition)[variable] = notDefinedCondition;
                    
                    returnval->AddBoundaryConditions(bregions.size()+numNewBc,bCondition);
            ++numNewBc;

                }
            }
            
            return returnval; 
        } 
        
        /**
         * Constructor for use in multidomain computations where a
         * domain list can be passed instead of graph1D
         * 
         * @param   domain  Subdomain specified in the inputfile from
         *                  which the DisContField1D is set up
         */
        DisContField1D::DisContField1D(
                                       const LibUtilities::SessionReaderSharedPtr &pSession,
                                       const SpatialDomains::MeshGraphSharedPtr &graph1D,
                                       const SpatialDomains::CompositeMap &domain,
                                       const SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditions &Allbcs, 
                                       const std::string &variable,
                                       bool SetToOneSpaceDimension):
            ExpList1D(pSession,graph1D,domain, true,variable,SetToOneSpaceDimension),
            m_bndCondExpansions(),
            m_bndConditions()
        {
            if (variable.compare("DefaultVar") != 0)
            {
                SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionsSharedPtr DomBCs = GetDomainBCs(domain,Allbcs,variable);

                GenerateBoundaryConditionExpansion(graph1D,*DomBCs,variable);
                EvaluateBoundaryConditions(0.0, variable);
                ApplyGeomInfo();
                FindPeriodicVertices(*DomBCs,variable);
            }

            SetUpDG(variable);
        }
        
        /**
         * Constructs a field as a copy of an existing field.
         * @param   In          Existing DisContField1D object to copy.
         */
        DisContField1D::DisContField1D(const DisContField1D &In):
            ExpList1D(In),
            m_bndCondExpansions(In.m_bndCondExpansions),
            m_bndConditions(In.m_bndConditions),
            m_globalBndMat(In.m_globalBndMat),
            m_trace(In.m_trace),
            m_traceMap(In.m_traceMap),
            m_boundaryVerts(In.m_boundaryVerts),
            m_periodicVerts(In.m_periodicVerts),
            m_periodicFwdCopy(In.m_periodicFwdCopy),
            m_periodicBwdCopy(In.m_periodicBwdCopy),
            m_leftAdjacentVerts(In.m_leftAdjacentVerts)
        {
        }
        
        
        /**
         * Constructs a field as a copy of an existing explist1D field.
         * @param   In          Existing ExpList1D object to copy.
         */
        DisContField1D::DisContField1D(const ExpList1D &In):
            ExpList1D(In)
    {
    }

        /**
         *
         */
        DisContField1D::~DisContField1D()
        {
        }


        /**
         * Generate the boundary condition expansion list
         * @param   graph1D     A mesh, containing information about the domain
         *                      and the spectral/hp element expansions.
         * @param   bcs         Information about the enforced boundary
         *                      conditions.
         * @param   variable    The session variable associated with the
         *                      boundary conditions to enforce.
         */
        void DisContField1D::GenerateBoundaryConditionExpansion(
            const SpatialDomains::MeshGraphSharedPtr &graph1D,
            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditions &bcs,
            const std::string variable)
        {
            int cnt  = 0;

            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionCollection &bregions
                                                = bcs.GetBoundaryRegions();
            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionCollection &bconditions
                                                = bcs.GetBoundaryConditions();
            SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionCollection::const_iterator it;

            // count the number of non-periodic boundary points
            for (it = bregions.begin(); it != bregions.end(); ++it)
            {
                const SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionShPtr boundaryCondition =
                    GetBoundaryCondition(bconditions, it->first, variable);
                if (boundaryCondition->GetBoundaryConditionType() !=
                    SpatialDomains::ePeriodic )
                {
                    SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegion::iterator bregionIt;
                    for (bregionIt  = it->second->begin();
                         bregionIt != it->second->end(); bregionIt++)
                    {
                        cnt += bregionIt->second->size();
                    }
                }
            }           

            m_bndCondExpansions
                    = Array<OneD,MultiRegions::ExpListSharedPtr>(cnt);

            m_bndConditions
                    = Array<OneD,SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionShPtr>(cnt);

            SetBoundaryConditionExpansion(graph1D,bcs,variable,
                                           m_bndCondExpansions,
                                           m_bndConditions);
        }


        /**
         * @param   graph1D     A mesh containing information about the domain
         *                      and the spectral/hp element expansion.
         * @param   bcs         Information about the boundary conditions.
         * @param   variable    Specifies the field.
         * @param   periodicVertices    Map into which the list of periodic
         *                      vertices is placed.
         */
        void DisContField1D::FindPeriodicVertices(
            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditions &bcs,
            const std::string variable)
        {
            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionCollection &bregions
                    = bcs.GetBoundaryRegions();
            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionCollection &bconditions
                    = bcs.GetBoundaryConditions();

            SpatialDomains::MeshGraph1DSharedPtr graph1D
                = boost::dynamic_pointer_cast<
                    SpatialDomains::MeshGraph1D>(m_graph);
            SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionCollection::const_iterator it;

            LibUtilities::CommSharedPtr vComm =
                m_session->GetComm()->GetRowComm();

            int i, region1ID, region2ID;

            SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionShPtr locBCond;
            
            map<int,int> BregionToVertMap;

            // Construct list of all periodic Region and their global vertex on
            // this process.
            for (it = bregions.begin(); it != bregions.end(); ++it)
            {
                locBCond = GetBoundaryCondition(bconditions, it->first, variable);
                
                if (locBCond->GetBoundaryConditionType()
                        != SpatialDomains::ePeriodic)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                                
                int id = (*(it->second->begin()->second))[0]->GetGlobalID();

                BregionToVertMap[it->first] = id;
            }

            map<int,int>::iterator iit;
            set<int> islocal;

            int n = vComm->GetSize();
            int p = vComm->GetRank();

            Array<OneD, int> nregions(n, 0);
            nregions[p] = BregionToVertMap.size();
            vComm->AllReduce(nregions, LibUtilities::ReduceSum);

            int totRegions = Vmath::Vsum(n, nregions, 1);

            Array<OneD, int> regOffset(n, 0);

            for (i = 1; i < n; ++i)
            {
                regOffset[i] = regOffset[i-1] + nregions[i-1];
            }

            Array<OneD, int> bregmap(totRegions, 0);
            Array<OneD, int> bregid (totRegions, 0);
            for(i = regOffset[p], iit = BregionToVertMap.begin();
                iit != BregionToVertMap.end(); ++iit, ++i)
            {
                bregid [i] = iit->first;
                bregmap[i] = iit->second;
                islocal.insert(iit->first);
            }

            vComm->AllReduce(bregmap, LibUtilities::ReduceSum);
            vComm->AllReduce(bregid,  LibUtilities::ReduceSum);

            for (int i = 0; i < totRegions; ++i)
            {
                BregionToVertMap[bregid[i]] = bregmap[i];
            }

            // Construct list of all periodic pairs local to this process.
            for (it = bregions.begin(); it != bregions.end(); ++it)
            {
                locBCond = GetBoundaryCondition(bconditions, it->first, variable);
                
                if (locBCond->GetBoundaryConditionType()
                        != SpatialDomains::ePeriodic)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                // Identify periodic boundary region IDs.
                region1ID = it->first;
                region2ID = boost::static_pointer_cast<
                    SpatialDomains::PeriodicBoundaryCondition>(
                        locBCond)->m_connectedBoundaryRegion;

                ASSERTL0(BregionToVertMap.count(region1ID) != 0, 
                         "Cannot determine vertex of region1ID");

                ASSERTL0(BregionToVertMap.count(region2ID) != 0, 
                         "Cannot determine vertex of region2ID");

                PeriodicEntity ent(BregionToVertMap[region2ID],
                                   StdRegions::eNoOrientation,
                                   islocal.count(region2ID) != 0);

                m_periodicVerts[BregionToVertMap[region1ID]].push_back(ent);
            }
        }


        /**
         * @param   graph1D     A mesh containing information about the domain
         *                      and the Spectral/hp element expansion.
         * @param   bcs         Information about the boundary conditions.
         * @param   variable    Specifies the field.
         * @param   bndCondExpansions   Array of ExpList1D objects each
         *                      containing a 1D spectral/hp element expansion
         *                      on a single boundary region.
         * @param   bncConditions   Array of BoundaryCondition objects which
         *                      contain information about the boundary
         *                      conditions on the different boundary regions.
         */
        void DisContField1D::SetBoundaryConditionExpansion(
            const SpatialDomains::MeshGraphSharedPtr &graph1D,
            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditions &bcs,
            const std::string variable,
            Array<OneD, MultiRegions::ExpListSharedPtr>
                &bndCondExpansions,
            Array<OneD, SpatialDomains
                ::BoundaryConditionShPtr> &bndConditions)
        {
            int k;
            int cnt  = 0;

            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionCollection &bregions
                = bcs.GetBoundaryRegions();
            const SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionCollection &bconditions
                = bcs.GetBoundaryConditions();
            SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegionCollection::const_iterator it;
            
            MultiRegions::ExpList0DSharedPtr         locPointExp;
            SpatialDomains::BoundaryConditionShPtr   locBCond;
            SpatialDomains::PointGeomSharedPtr vert;

            cnt = 0;
            for (it = bregions.begin(); it != bregions.end(); ++it)
            {
                locBCond = GetBoundaryCondition(bconditions, it->first, variable);

                if (locBCond->GetBoundaryConditionType() !=
                    SpatialDomains::ePeriodic)
                {
                    SpatialDomains::BoundaryRegion::iterator bregionIt;
                    for (bregionIt  = it->second->begin();
                         bregionIt != it->second->end(); bregionIt++)
                    {
                        for (k = 0; k < bregionIt->second->size(); k++)
                        {
                            if((vert = boost::dynamic_pointer_cast
                                    <SpatialDomains::PointGeom>(
                                        (*bregionIt->second)[k])))
                            {
                                locPointExp
                                    = MemoryManager<MultiRegions::ExpList0D>
                                        ::AllocateSharedPtr(vert);
                                bndCondExpansions[cnt]  = locPointExp;
                                bndConditions[cnt++]    = locBCond;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                ASSERTL0(false,
                                    "dynamic cast to a vertex failed");
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         *
         */
        GlobalLinSysSharedPtr DisContField1D::GetGlobalBndLinSys(
                    const GlobalLinSysKey &mkey)
        {
            ASSERTL0(mkey.GetMatrixType() == StdRegions::eHybridDGHelmBndLam,
                     "Routine currently only tested for HybridDGHelmholtz");

            ASSERTL1(mkey.GetGlobalSysSolnType() != eDirectFullMatrix,
                     "Full matrix global systems are not supported for HDG "
                     "expansions");

            ASSERTL1(mkey.GetGlobalSysSolnType()
                                        ==m_traceMap->GetGlobalSysSolnType(),
                     "The local to global map is not set up for the requested "
                     "solution type");

            GlobalLinSysSharedPtr glo_matrix;
            GlobalLinSysMap::iterator matrixIter = m_globalBndMat->find(mkey);

            if (matrixIter == m_globalBndMat->end())
            {
                glo_matrix = GenGlobalBndLinSys(mkey,m_traceMap);
                 (*m_globalBndMat)[mkey] = glo_matrix;
            }
            else
            {
                glo_matrix = matrixIter->second;
            }

            return glo_matrix;
        }


        vector<bool> &DisContField1D::GetNegatedFluxNormal(void)
        {
            if(m_negatedFluxNormal.size() == 0)
            {
                Array<OneD, Array<OneD, LocalRegions::ExpansionSharedPtr> >
                    &elmtToTrace = m_traceMap->GetElmtToTrace();

                m_negatedFluxNormal.resize(2*GetExpSize());
                
                for(int i = 0; i < GetExpSize(); ++i)
                {

                    for(int v = 0; v < 2; ++v)
                    {
                        
                        LocalRegions::Expansion0DSharedPtr vertExp =
                            elmtToTrace[i][v]->as<LocalRegions::Expansion0D>();

                        if(vertExp->GetLeftAdjacentElementExp()->GetGeom()->GetGlobalID() != (*m_exp)[i]->GetGeom()->GetGlobalID())
                        {
                            m_negatedFluxNormal[2*i+v] = true;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            m_negatedFluxNormal[2*i+v] = false;
                        }
                    }
                }

            }

            return m_negatedFluxNormal;
        }

        /**
         * Generate the forward or backward state for each trace point.
         * @param   Fwd     Forward state.
         * @param   Bwd     Backward state.
         */
        void DisContField1D::v_GetFwdBwdTracePhys(Array<OneD, NekDouble> &Fwd,
                                                  Array<OneD, NekDouble> &Bwd)
        {
            v_GetFwdBwdTracePhys(m_phys,Fwd,Bwd);
        }
        
        
        /**
         * @brief This method extracts the "forward" and "backward" trace data
         * from the array @a field and puts the data into output vectors @a Fwd
         * and @a Bwd.
         * 
         * We first define the convention which defines "forwards" and
         * "backwards". First an association is made between the vertex of each
         * element and its corresponding vertex in the trace space using the
         * mapping #m_traceMap. The element can either be left-adjacent or
         * right-adjacent to this trace edge (see
         * Expansion0D::GetLeftAdjacentElementExp). Boundary edges are never 
         * left-adjacent since elemental left-adjacency is populated first.
         * 
         * If the element is left-adjacent we extract the vertex trace data from
         * @a field into the forward trace space @a Fwd; otherwise, we place it
         * in the backwards trace space @a Bwd. In this way, we form a unique
         * set of trace normals since these are always extracted from
         * left-adjacent elements.
         *
         * @param field is a NekDouble array which contains the 1D data
         *              from which we wish to extract the backward and forward
         *              orientated trace/edge arrays.
         * @param Fwd   The resulting forwards space.
         * @param Bwd   The resulting backwards space.
         */

        void DisContField1D::v_GetFwdBwdTracePhys(
            const Array<OneD, const NekDouble> &field,
            Array<OneD,       NekDouble> &Fwd,
            Array<OneD,       NekDouble> &Bwd)
        {
            // Counter variables
            int  n, v;
            
            // Number of elements
            int nElements = GetExpSize(); 
            
            // Initial index of each element
            int phys_offset;
            
            Array<OneD, Array<OneD, LocalRegions::ExpansionSharedPtr> >
                &elmtToTrace = m_traceMap->GetElmtToTrace();

            // Set forward and backard state to zero
            Vmath::Zero(Fwd.num_elements(), Fwd, 1);
            Vmath::Zero(Bwd.num_elements(), Bwd, 1);
            
            int cnt;

            // Loop on the elements
            for (cnt = n = 0; n < nElements; ++n)
            {
                // Set the offset of each element
                phys_offset = GetPhys_Offset(n);

                for(v = 0; v < 2; ++v, ++cnt)
                {
                    int offset = m_trace->GetPhys_Offset(elmtToTrace[n][v]->GetElmtId());
                    
                    if (m_leftAdjacentVerts[cnt])
                    {
                        (*m_exp)[n]->GetVertexPhysVals(v, field + phys_offset,
                                                       Fwd[offset]);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        (*m_exp)[n]->GetVertexPhysVals(v, field + phys_offset,
                                                       Bwd[offset]);
                    }
                }
            }
            
            // Fill boundary conditions into missing elements.
            int id = 0;
            
            for(cnt = n = 0; n < m_bndCondExpansions.num_elements(); ++n)
            {   
                if (m_bndConditions[n]->GetBoundaryConditionType() == 
                        SpatialDomains::eDirichlet)
                {
                    id  = m_trace->GetPhys_Offset(m_traceMap->GetBndCondTraceToGlobalTraceMap(cnt));
                    Bwd[id] = m_bndCondExpansions[n]->GetPhys()[0]; //this is not getting the correct value?
                    cnt++;
                }
                else if (m_bndConditions[n]->GetBoundaryConditionType() == 
                         SpatialDomains::eNeumann || 
                         m_bndConditions[n]->GetBoundaryConditionType() == 
                         SpatialDomains::eRobin)
                {
                    ASSERTL0((m_bndCondExpansions[n]->GetPhys())[0]==0.0,
                             "Method not set up for non-zero Neumann "
                             "boundary condition");
                    id  = m_trace->GetPhys_Offset(m_traceMap->GetBndCondTraceToGlobalTraceMap(cnt));
                    Bwd[id] = Fwd[id];
                    
                    cnt++;
                }
                else if (m_bndConditions[n]->GetBoundaryConditionType() ==
                         SpatialDomains::eNotDefined)
                {
                    // Do nothing
                }
                else if (m_bndConditions[n]->GetBoundaryConditionType() !=
                         SpatialDomains::ePeriodic)
                {
                    ASSERTL0(false,
                             "Method not set up for this boundary condition.");
                }
            }
            
            // Copy any periodic boundary conditions.
            for (n = 0; n < m_periodicFwdCopy.size(); ++n)
            {
                Bwd[m_periodicBwdCopy[n]] = Fwd[m_periodicFwdCopy[n]];
            }

            // Do parallel exchange for forwards/backwards spaces.
            m_traceMap->UniversalTraceAssemble(Fwd);
            m_traceMap->UniversalTraceAssemble(Bwd);

        }
        
    
        void DisContField1D::v_ExtractTracePhys(
            Array<OneD, NekDouble> &outarray)
        {
            ASSERTL1(m_physState == true,"local physical space is not true ");
            v_ExtractTracePhys(m_phys, outarray);
        }
        
        /**
         * @brief This method extracts the trace (verts in 1D) from the field @a
         * inarray and puts the values in @a outarray.
         *
         * It assumes the field is C0 continuous so that it can overwrite the
         * edge data when visited by the two adjacent elements.
         *
         * @param inarray   An array containing the 1D data from which we wish
         *                  to extract the edge data.
         * @param outarray  The resulting edge information.
         *
         * This will not work for non-boundary expansions
         */
        void DisContField1D::v_ExtractTracePhys(
            const Array<OneD, const NekDouble> &inarray, 
                  Array<OneD,       NekDouble> &outarray)
        {
            // Loop over elemente and collect forward expansion
            int nexp = GetExpSize();
            int n,p,offset,phys_offset;
            
            ASSERTL1(outarray.num_elements() >= m_trace->GetExpSize(),
                "input array is of insufficient length");
            
            for (n  = 0; n < nexp; ++n)
            {
                phys_offset = GetPhys_Offset(n);
        
                for (p = 0; p < (*m_exp)[n]->GetNverts(); ++p)
                {
                    offset = m_trace->GetPhys_Offset(
                                 (m_traceMap->GetElmtToTrace())[n][p]->GetElmtId());
                    (*m_exp)[n]->GetVertexPhysVals(p,  inarray + phys_offset,
                                                   outarray[offset]);
                }
            }
        }        
    
        void DisContField1D::v_AddTraceIntegral(
            const Array<OneD, const NekDouble> &Fn, 
                  Array<OneD,       NekDouble> &outarray)
        {
            int n,offset, t_offset;

            Array<OneD, Array<OneD, LocalRegions::ExpansionSharedPtr> >
                &elmtToTrace = m_traceMap->GetElmtToTrace();

            vector<bool> negatedFluxNormal = GetNegatedFluxNormal();
            
            for (n = 0; n < GetExpSize(); ++n)
            {
                // Number of coefficients on each element
                int e_ncoeffs = (*m_exp)[n]->GetNcoeffs();
                
                offset = GetCoeff_Offset(n);
                
                // Implementation for every points except Gauss points
                if ((*m_exp)[n]->GetBasis(0)->GetBasisType() !=
                     LibUtilities::eGauss_Lagrange)
                {
                    t_offset = GetTrace()->GetCoeff_Offset(elmtToTrace[n][0]->GetElmtId());
                    if(negatedFluxNormal[2*n])
                    {
                        outarray[offset] -= Fn[t_offset];
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        outarray[offset] += Fn[t_offset];
                    }
                    
                    t_offset = GetTrace()->GetCoeff_Offset(elmtToTrace[n][1]->GetElmtId());

                    if(negatedFluxNormal[2*n+1])
                    {
                        outarray[offset+(*m_exp)[n]->GetVertexMap(1)] -= Fn[t_offset];
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        outarray[offset+(*m_exp)[n]->GetVertexMap(1)] += Fn[t_offset];
                    }

                }
                else
                {
#if 0           
                    DNekMatSharedPtr             m_Ixm;
                    LibUtilities::BasisSharedPtr BASE;
                    const LibUtilities::PointsKey
                            BS_p(e_ncoeffs,LibUtilities::eGaussGaussLegendre);
                    const LibUtilities::BasisKey
                            BS_k(LibUtilities::eGauss_Lagrange,e_ncoeffs,BS_p);
                    
                    BASE  = LibUtilities::BasisManager()[BS_k];
                    
                    Array<OneD, NekDouble> coords(3, 0.0);
                    
                    int j;
                    
                    for(p = 0; p < 2; ++p)
                    {
                        NekDouble vertnorm = 0.0;
                        for (int i=0; i<((*m_exp)[n]->
                             GetVertexNormal(p)).num_elements(); i++)
                        {
                            vertnorm += ((*m_exp)[n]->GetVertexNormal(p))[i][0];
                            coords[0] = vertnorm ;
                        }
                        
                        t_offset = GetTrace()->GetPhys_Offset(n+p);
                        
                        if (vertnorm >= 0.0)
                        {
                            m_Ixm = BASE->GetI(coords);
                            
                            
                            for (j = 0; j < e_ncoeffs; j++)
                            {
                                outarray[offset + j]  +=
                                    (m_Ixm->GetPtr())[j] * Fn[t_offset];
                            }
                        }
                        
                        if (vertnorm < 0.0)
                        {
                            m_Ixm = BASE->GetI(coords);
                            
                            for (j = 0; j < e_ncoeffs; j++)
                            {
                                outarray[offset + j] -=
                                    (m_Ixm->GetPtr())[j] * Fn[t_offset];
                            }
                        }
                    }
#else
                    int j;
                    static DNekMatSharedPtr   m_Ixm, m_Ixp;
                    static int sav_ncoeffs = 0;
                    if(!m_Ixm.get() || e_ncoeffs != sav_ncoeffs)
                    {
                        LibUtilities::BasisSharedPtr BASE;
                        const LibUtilities::PointsKey
                            BS_p(e_ncoeffs,LibUtilities::eGaussGaussLegendre);
                        const LibUtilities::BasisKey
                            BS_k(LibUtilities::eGauss_Lagrange,e_ncoeffs,BS_p);
                        
                        BASE  = LibUtilities::BasisManager()[BS_k];
                        
                        Array<OneD, NekDouble> coords(1, 0.0);
                    
                        coords[0] = -1.0;
                        m_Ixm = BASE->GetI(coords); 

                        coords[0] = 1.0;
                        m_Ixp = BASE->GetI(coords); 

                        sav_ncoeffs = e_ncoeffs; 
                    }
                    
                    t_offset = GetTrace()->GetCoeff_Offset(elmtToTrace[n][0]->GetElmtId());
                    if(negatedFluxNormal[2*n])
                    {
                        for (j = 0; j < e_ncoeffs; j++)
                        {
                            outarray[offset + j]  -=
                                (m_Ixm->GetPtr())[j] * Fn[t_offset];
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        for (j = 0; j < e_ncoeffs; j++)
                        {
                            outarray[offset + j]  +=
                                (m_Ixm->GetPtr())[j] * Fn[t_offset];
                        }
                    }
                        
                    t_offset = GetTrace()->GetCoeff_Offset(elmtToTrace[n][1]->GetElmtId());
                    if (negatedFluxNormal[2*n+1])
                    {
                        for (j = 0; j < e_ncoeffs; j++)
                        {
                            outarray[offset + j] -=
                                (m_Ixp->GetPtr())[j] * Fn[t_offset];
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        for (j = 0; j < e_ncoeffs; j++)
                        {
                            outarray[offset + j] +=
                                (m_Ixp->GetPtr())[j] * Fn[t_offset];
                        }
                    }
#endif
                }
            }
        }
    
    
        void DisContField1D::v_HelmSolve(
            const Array<OneD, const NekDouble> &inarray,
                  Array<OneD,       NekDouble> &outarray,
            const FlagList &flags,
            const StdRegions::ConstFactorMap &factors,
            const StdRegions::VarCoeffMap &varcoeff,
            const Array<OneD, const NekDouble> &dirForcing,
            const bool PhysSpaceForcing)
        {
            int i,n,cnt,nbndry;
            int nexp = GetExpSize();
            Array<OneD,NekDouble> f(m_ncoeffs);
            DNekVec F(m_ncoeffs,f,eWrapper);
            Array<OneD,NekDouble> e_f, e_l;

            //----------------------------------
            // Setup RHS Inner product if required
            //----------------------------------
            if(PhysSpaceForcing)
            {
                IProductWRTBase(inarray,f);
                Vmath::Neg(m_ncoeffs,f,1);
            }
            else
            {
                Vmath::Smul(m_ncoeffs,-1.0,inarray,1,f,1);
            }

            //----------------------------------
            // Solve continuous Boundary System
            //----------------------------------
            int GloBndDofs = m_traceMap->GetNumGlobalBndCoeffs();
            int NumDirBCs  = m_traceMap->GetNumLocalDirBndCoeffs();
            int e_ncoeffs,id;

            GlobalMatrixKey HDGLamToUKey(
                StdRegions::eHybridDGLamToU,
                NullAssemblyMapSharedPtr,
                factors,
                varcoeff);

            const DNekScalBlkMatSharedPtr &HDGLamToU =
                GetBlockMatrix(HDGLamToUKey);

            // Retrieve global trace space storage, \Lambda, from trace expansion
            Array<OneD,NekDouble> BndSol =  Array<OneD,NekDouble>
                (m_traceMap->GetNumLocalBndCoeffs());
            
            
            Array<OneD,NekDouble> BndRhs(GloBndDofs,0.0);
            // Zero trace space
            Vmath::Zero(GloBndDofs,BndSol,1);

            int     LocBndCoeffs = m_traceMap->GetNumLocalBndCoeffs();
            Array<OneD, NekDouble> loc_lambda(LocBndCoeffs);
            DNekVec LocLambda(LocBndCoeffs,loc_lambda,eWrapper);

            //----------------------------------
            // Evaluate Trace Forcing
            //----------------------------------
            // Determing <u_lam,f> terms using HDGLamToU matrix
            for (cnt = n = 0; n < nexp; ++n)
            {
                nbndry = (*m_exp)[n]->NumDGBndryCoeffs();

                e_ncoeffs = (*m_exp)[n]->GetNcoeffs();
                e_f       = f+m_coeff_offset[n];
                e_l       = loc_lambda + cnt;

                // use outarray as tmp space
                DNekVec     Floc    (nbndry, e_l, eWrapper);
                DNekVec     ElmtFce (e_ncoeffs, e_f, eWrapper);
                Floc = Transpose(*(HDGLamToU->GetBlock(n,n)))*ElmtFce;

                cnt += nbndry;
            }

            // Assemble into global operator
            m_traceMap->AssembleBnd(loc_lambda,BndRhs);

            cnt = 0;
            // Copy Dirichlet boundary conditions into trace space
            for (i = 0; i < m_bndCondExpansions.num_elements(); ++i)
            {
                if (m_bndConditions[i]->GetBoundaryConditionType() ==
                    SpatialDomains::eDirichlet)
                {
                    id = m_traceMap->GetBndCondCoeffsToGlobalCoeffsMap(i);
                    BndSol[id] = m_bndCondExpansions[i]->GetCoeff(0);
                }
                else
                {
                    id = m_traceMap->GetBndCondCoeffsToGlobalCoeffsMap(i);
                    BndRhs[id] += m_bndCondExpansions[i]->GetCoeff(0);
                }
            }

            //----------------------------------
            // Solve trace problem
            //----------------------------------
            if (GloBndDofs - NumDirBCs > 0)
            {
                GlobalLinSysKey       key(StdRegions::eHybridDGHelmBndLam,
                                          m_traceMap,factors);
                GlobalLinSysSharedPtr LinSys = GetGlobalBndLinSys(key);
                LinSys->Solve(BndRhs,BndSol,m_traceMap);
            }

            //----------------------------------
            // Internal element solves
            //----------------------------------
            GlobalMatrixKey invHDGhelmkey(StdRegions::eInvHybridDGHelmholtz,
                                            NullAssemblyMapSharedPtr,
                                            factors);

            const DNekScalBlkMatSharedPtr& InvHDGHelm =
                GetBlockMatrix(invHDGhelmkey);
            DNekVec out(m_ncoeffs,outarray,eWrapper);
            Vmath::Zero(m_ncoeffs,outarray,1);

            // get local trace solution from BndSol
            m_traceMap->GlobalToLocalBnd(BndSol,loc_lambda);

            //  out =  u_f + u_lam = (*InvHDGHelm)*f + (LamtoU)*Lam
            out = (*InvHDGHelm)*F + (*HDGLamToU)*LocLambda;
        }

        /**
         * Based on the expression \f$g(x,t)\f$ for the boundary conditions,
         * this function evaluates the boundary conditions for all boundaries
         * at time-level \a t.
         * @param   time        The time at which the boundary conditions
         *                      should be evaluated.
         * @param   bndCondExpansions   List of boundary expansions.
         * @param   bndConditions   Information about the boundary conditions.
         */
        void DisContField1D::v_EvaluateBoundaryConditions(
            const NekDouble   time,
            const std::string varName,
            const NekDouble   x2_in,
            const NekDouble   x3_in)
        {
            int i;

            Array<OneD, NekDouble> x0(1);
            Array<OneD, NekDouble> x1(1);
            Array<OneD, NekDouble> x2(1);

            for (i = 0; i < m_bndCondExpansions.num_elements(); ++i)
            {
                if (time == 0.0 || m_bndConditions[i]->IsTimeDependent())
                {
                    m_bndCondExpansions[i]->GetCoords(x0, x1, x2);
                    
                    if (x2_in != NekConstants::kNekUnsetDouble && x3_in !=
                        NekConstants::kNekUnsetDouble)
                    {
                        x1[0] = x2_in;
                        x2[0] = x3_in;
                    }
                    
                    if (m_bndConditions[i]->GetBoundaryConditionType() ==
                        SpatialDomains::eDirichlet)
                    {
                        m_bndCondExpansions[i]->SetCoeff(0,
                            (boost::static_pointer_cast<SpatialDomains
                             ::DirichletBoundaryCondition>(m_bndConditions[i])
                             ->m_dirichletCondition).Evaluate(x0[0],x1[0],x2[0],time));
                        m_bndCondExpansions[i]->SetPhys(0,m_bndCondExpansions[i]->GetCoeff(0));
                    }
                    else if (m_bndConditions[i]->GetBoundaryConditionType()
                            == SpatialDomains::eNeumann)
                    {
                        m_bndCondExpansions[i]->SetCoeff(0,
                            (boost::static_pointer_cast<SpatialDomains
                             ::NeumannBoundaryCondition>(m_bndConditions[i])
                             ->m_neumannCondition).Evaluate(x0[0],x1[0],x2[0],time));
                    }
                    else if (m_bndConditions[i]->GetBoundaryConditionType()
                            == SpatialDomains::eRobin)
                    {
                        m_bndCondExpansions[i]->SetCoeff(0,
                            (boost::static_pointer_cast<SpatialDomains
                             ::RobinBoundaryCondition>(m_bndConditions[i])
                             ->m_robinFunction).Evaluate(x0[0],x1[0],x2[0],time));
                        
                    }
                    else if (m_bndConditions[i]->GetBoundaryConditionType()
                             == SpatialDomains::eNotDefined)
                    {
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        ASSERTL0(false, "This type of BC not implemented yet");
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Set up a list of element ids and edge ids that link to the
        // boundary conditions
        void DisContField1D::v_GetBoundaryToElmtMap(
            Array<OneD, int> &ElmtID, Array<OneD,int> &VertID)
        {
            map<int, int> VertGID;
            int i,n,id;
            int bid,cnt,Vid;
            int nbcs = m_bndConditions.num_elements();

            // make sure arrays are of sufficient length
            if (ElmtID.num_elements() != nbcs)
            {
                ElmtID = Array<OneD, int>(nbcs,-1);
            }
            else
            {
                fill(ElmtID.get(), ElmtID.get()+nbcs, -1);
            }

            if (VertID.num_elements() != nbcs)
            {
                VertID = Array<OneD, int>(nbcs);
            }

            // setup map of all global ids along boundary
            for (cnt = n = 0; n < m_bndCondExpansions.num_elements(); ++n)
            {
                Vid =  m_bndCondExpansions[n]->GetExp(0)->GetGeom()->GetVertex(0)->GetVid();
                VertGID[Vid] = cnt++;
            }

            // Loop over elements and find verts that match;
            LocalRegions::ExpansionSharedPtr exp;
            for(cnt = n = 0; n < GetExpSize(); ++n)
            {
                exp = (*m_exp)[n];
                for(i = 0; i < exp->GetNverts(); ++i)
                {
                    id = exp->GetGeom()->GetVid(i);

                    if (VertGID.count(id) > 0)
                    {
                        bid = VertGID.find(id)->second;
                        ASSERTL1(ElmtID[bid] == -1,"Edge already set");
                        ElmtID[bid] = n;
                        VertID[bid] = i;
                        cnt ++;
                    }
                }
            }

            ASSERTL1(cnt == nbcs,"Failed to visit all boundary condtiions");
        }
        
        void DisContField1D::v_GetBndElmtExpansion(int i,
                            boost::shared_ptr<ExpList> &result,
                            const bool DeclareCoeffPhysArrays)
        {
            int n, cnt, nq;
            int offsetOld, offsetNew;
            std::vector<unsigned int> eIDs;
            
            Array<OneD, int> ElmtID,EdgeID;
            GetBoundaryToElmtMap(ElmtID,EdgeID);
            
            // Skip other boundary regions
            for (cnt = n = 0; n < i; ++n)
            {
                cnt += m_bndCondExpansions[n]->GetExpSize();
            }

            // Populate eIDs with information from BoundaryToElmtMap
            for (n = 0; n < m_bndCondExpansions[i]->GetExpSize(); ++n)
            {
                eIDs.push_back(ElmtID[cnt+n]);
            }
            
            // Create expansion list
            result = 
                MemoryManager<ExpList1D>::AllocateSharedPtr
                    (*this, eIDs, DeclareCoeffPhysArrays);
            
            // Copy phys and coeffs to new explist
            if( DeclareCoeffPhysArrays)
            {
                Array<OneD, NekDouble> tmp1, tmp2;
                for (n = 0; n < result->GetExpSize(); ++n)
                {
                    nq = GetExp(ElmtID[cnt+n])->GetTotPoints();
                    offsetOld = GetPhys_Offset(ElmtID[cnt+n]);
                    offsetNew = result->GetPhys_Offset(n);
                    Vmath::Vcopy(nq, tmp1 = GetPhys()+ offsetOld, 1,
                                tmp2 = result->UpdatePhys()+ offsetNew, 1);

                    nq = GetExp(ElmtID[cnt+n])->GetNcoeffs();
                    offsetOld = GetCoeff_Offset(ElmtID[cnt+n]);
                    offsetNew = result->GetCoeff_Offset(n);
                    Vmath::Vcopy(nq, tmp1 = GetCoeffs()+ offsetOld, 1,
                                tmp2 = result->UpdateCoeffs()+ offsetNew, 1);
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * @brief Reset this field, so that geometry information can be updated.
         */
        void DisContField1D::v_Reset()
        {
            ExpList::v_Reset();

            // Reset boundary condition expansions.
            for (int n = 0; n < m_bndCondExpansions.num_elements(); ++n)
            {
                m_bndCondExpansions[n]->Reset();
            }
        }

        /**
         * Search through the edge expansions and identify which ones
         * have Robin/Mixed type boundary conditions. If find a Robin
         * boundary then store the edge id of the boundary condition
         * and the array of points of the physical space boundary
         * condition which are hold the boundary condition primitive
         * variable coefficient at the quatrature points
         *
         * \return std map containing the robin boundary condition
         * info using a key of the element id
         *
         * There is a next member to allow for more than one Robin
         * boundary condition per element
         */
        map<int, RobinBCInfoSharedPtr> DisContField1D::v_GetRobinBCInfo(void)
        {
            int i;
            map<int, RobinBCInfoSharedPtr> returnval;
            Array<OneD, int> ElmtID,VertID;
            GetBoundaryToElmtMap(ElmtID,VertID);

            for (i = 0; i < m_bndCondExpansions.num_elements(); ++i)
            {
                if (m_bndConditions[i]->GetBoundaryConditionType() ==
                    SpatialDomains::eRobin)
                {
                    int elmtid;

                    Array<OneD, NekDouble> x0(1);
                    Array<OneD, NekDouble> x1(1);
                    Array<OneD, NekDouble> x2(1);
                    Array<OneD, NekDouble> coeffphys(1);
                    
                    m_bndCondExpansions[i]->GetCoords(x0, x1, x2);

                    coeffphys[0]  = (boost::static_pointer_cast<SpatialDomains
                         ::RobinBoundaryCondition>(m_bndConditions[i])
                         ->m_robinPrimitiveCoeff).Evaluate(x0[0],x1[0],x2[0],0.0);
                        
                    RobinBCInfoSharedPtr rInfo =
                        MemoryManager<RobinBCInfo>::
                            AllocateSharedPtr(VertID[i],coeffphys);

                    elmtid = ElmtID[i];
                    // make link list if necessary (not likely in
                    // 1D but needed in 2D & 3D)
                    if(returnval.count(elmtid) != 0)
                    {
                        rInfo->next = returnval.find(elmtid)->second;
                    }
                    returnval[elmtid] = rInfo;
                }
            }

            return returnval;
        }
    } // end of namespace
} //end of namespace